Radiology & Medical Imaging

 Fluoroscopy the origin of fluoroscopy can be traced back to the eighth number 1895 when William Conrad wrong the notice a barium platinocyanide screen fluorescing as a result of being exposed to x-rays fluoroscopy is a radiological examination which uses x-rays and a fluorescent screen or a detector to issue a lies the internal structures of the body in real-time so we are going to see the objectives of fluoroscopy  The principle of conventional fluoroscopy to understand the fluoroscopic imaging chain understand how fluoroscopic images can be acquired using image intensifiers understand types of fluoroscopic equipment used in a hospital now what is fluorescence we were talking about fluoroscopic imaging a machine so we need to know about fluorescence is a phenomenon where certain materials emit visibly light in response to some stimuli the stimuli can be x-rays or electromagnetic grace and the emitted light that is coming out from this material stops soon after the stimuli ar...

Instrumentation of Fluoroscopy  The components of this fluoroscopic imaging chain from this illustration you can see has a generator x-ray tube collimator filtration a table for the patient and the patient grid image intensifier optical coupling video camera and a monitor finally to visualize the image let's go step by step on this fluoroscopic imaging chain the x-ray generator the work of the accelerate generator is to enable selection of kilovolt edge and tube current that is Kaylyn MA for the accelerator the kV Mme can be altered using automatic brightness control it's called ABC now why do we need an automatic brightness control it maintains the overall image brightness at a constant level as the imagined inspire is panned across different parts of the body next, we move on to the x-ray tube requires high tube loading for extended views because fluoroscopy is a continuous process it's not like the exposures which are taken in routine radiography it can have a grid contr...

Arthrography  The indications contraindications and complications of arthrography describe pertinent Anatomy imaged on an arthrogram discuss pre-procedure preparation and assessment of a patient undergoing arthrography identify radiation protection and technical factors used during arthrography identify contrast agents used and their indications for an arthrogram described the patient positioning and procedural steps of an arthrogram of the hip and shoulder discuss post-procedure care and instructions for patients following an arthrogram procedure the patients.  The performance of the procedure a focused physical examination of the patient's affected joint may be performed labs are usually not needed on patients who are not on anticoagulant therapy for patients on warfarin therapy pro Stompin time or PT partial thromboplastin time or PTT INR and platelet count can be ordered, patients in anticoagulant therapy do not need to stop their medications prior to the procedure informe...

 The hysterosalpingogram or HSG is a simple x-ray procedure performed using fluoroscopy with intermittent still images for documentation in general the actual procedure takes three to five minutes the hsg is a relatively low-risk procedure but does result in ovarian radiation exposure greater than a pelvic CT scan thus repetitive 8 sets hsg procedures should be avoided and the radiation exposure time  Demonstrates performance of an HSG notice the slow filling of the uterine cavity with radio-opaque dye while the uterus is positioned perpendicular to the x-ray beam subsequent fill of the fallopian tubes are visualized with a free spill into the peritoneal cavity unfortunately many women have preconceptions that the HSG is a very painful test there is no question that the discomfort is influenced by the experience of the operator an HSG is performed with the installation of a radio-opaque contrast into the uterine cavity installation devices include instruments that fit into the...

 Intravenous Urography(IVU) It is a radiographic study of the renal parenchyma pelvic system ureters and the urinary bladder with the help of intravenous radio-opaque contrast material or dyes the other names of the study are intravenous pyelography(IVP) and excretory urography the indications of the study are the evaluation of renal function hematuria ureteric colic recurrent urinary tract infections suspected urinary tract pathology or any congenital anomaly suspected urinary tract injury there are also some contraindications to the study and these have been divided into absolute and relative contraindications the absolute. Contraindications are the history of any contrast allergy and renal failure while the relative contraindications include hepatorenal syndrome thyrotoxicosis pregnancy and multiple myeloma  The procedure of carrying out intravenous urography the equipment needed for the study is a basic x-ray or fluoroscopy equipment plus a radiographic contrast material o...

Barium Enema  The clyster examination outlines the instrumentation and provides required to perform a BE, preparation of the examination area, irrigation tip insertion distinguish some variations in procedure between the only and double-contrast irrigation. For patient preparation, the big viscus should be fully empty of all contents as a result of the retained stool will simulate little lots or false-positive readings radiographically. A restricted diet and viscus cleansing plan are commonplace for healthy patients. Preparation for patients with severe looseness of the bowels, gross hemorrhage, or obstruction is proscribed. viscus cleansing methods embrace complete enteral cleansing kits, GI irrigation preparations, and/or a cleansing enema BE equipment consists of disposable soft plastic irrigation tips and irrigation luggage ar commercially available in numerous sizes. Smaller irrigation tips could also be necessary for patients with strictures, fissures, inflamed hemorrhoids, o...

 Barium swallow what is barium swallow is a dedicated test of the pharynx esophagus and proximal stomach and may be performed as a single or double contrast study the study is often modified to suit the history and symptoms of the individual patient but it is often useful to evaluate the entire pathway from the lips to the gastric fundus Preparation one preparation needed for the study is overnight fasting to avoiding smoking or chewing gum.  Indications one dysphagia swallow difficulty to paint during swallowing three assessment of mediastinal muscles for assessment of left atrial enlargement five pre-op assessment of carcinoma bronchus and esophagus 6 motility disorders or visa figures indications seven assessment of the site of perforation eight zanko's diverticulum and cricoid webs in these cases water-soluble contrast media are used example Castro Griffin or Diana slack works nine obstructions ten gastro a show Sejal reflux disease CRB. Indications eleven assessment of a ...