Radiology & Medical Imaging

 The protocol and techniques  of performing the ultrasound of the hip HIP ANATOMY  Bony landmarks of the pelvis you have the ilium you also have the acetabulum, where the femoral head goes into the ischium and then the pubis and right here in the middle, is a pubic symphysis typically. When you're scanning your scan you're seeing the ilium and the acetabulum in a horizontal plane, I've rotated the image and put it here against the iliac wing so you can see the relation from the ultras, the relation of the ultrasound image to the sonographic image here's another view of the hip in cross-section here we have the femoral head at the end of the femur in the socket in the acetabulum this type of joint is known as a ball and socket joint obviously you can see the circular formation of the femoral head it allows for a large degree of rotation for walking this joint is meant to support a lot of weight so naturally any underdevelopment or hyperplasia of the acetabulum will lead

 MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC NEPHROMA WITH SHRUNKEN KIDNEY  Renal mass in the right kidney a multilocular cystic nephroma   complains of hematuria and right renal angle pain multilocular cystic nephroma is a benign mixed mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasm of the kidney and is classically described as a benign slow-growing renal tumor patients who have multi-ocular cystic nephroma present with palpable mass abdominal pain and hematuria as in renal cell carcinoma. Ultrasound can usually help differentiate between benign and malignant tumors based on shape location and number of other sonographic characteristics if the ultrasound is inc inconclusive your doctor may request a follow-up ultrasound to monitor the tumor or a radiologist may recommend a biopsy. The multilocular cyst is a cyst containing several compartments formed by the membranous septa. The kidney is shrunken and has been incorporated with this large renal mass engulfed by the mass multilocular cystic naphroma mlcn is a benign mixe

 Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography ( PTC ) PTC is an x-ray procedure that involves direct-inject of contrast medium in the bile duct. These are the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine In this procedure, a thin needle is directly inserted through the skin into the liver to reach the bile duct. Indications Contraindication Equipment Patient Preparation Procedure Aftercare Complication                 Indications ERCP procedure is failed  Strictures in the bile duct Suspected bile duct obstruction Billary system delineation in the presence of intra and extrahepatic biliary calculi Cause of Jaundice Suspected tumor Anatomic evaluation of complications of ERCP                     Contraindications Suspected pregnancy Allergic to contrast medium Bleeding tendency Gross Ascites - Fluid in the abdominal cavity Sever infection at the puncture site Chronic liver disease Billary tract sepsis            Equipment Fluoroscopic unit with spot film ligh

 Ultrasound of the aorta The anatomy of the abdominal aorta runs from the aortic hiritis to the bifurcation it has three major anterior branches the celiac axis at t12 the sma at l1 the ima at l2 it has multiple paired branches of which the most significant is the renal arteries at t2 the gonadal arteries and there are four paired lumber arteries this these are the gonadal arteries the celiac artery and the sma arise from the anterior aspect of the proximal aorta, this is the select axis and this is the sma in one to three percent of patients the celiac artery and the sma arise from a common trunk this is the common trunk coming off here and giving off the celiac.  Aorta technique The abdominal aorta technique measures the aorta and common iliac arteries from the outer diameter in the ap and transverse planes. Doppler tips Doppler tips aliasing is a marker of stenosis the doppler spectrum should be obtained from the site of aliasing or turbulent flow in this case from the origin of the

Sialography The disease of the salivary glands they would inject contrast in order to be able to kind of see because at the site the salivary glands don't show up on a regular x-ray and so you have to get some contrast in there and a lot of times they use just a tiny little amount of oil-based contrast. The parotid is the submandibular  also called the submaxillary and then the  sublingual and these glands. Indications: Detection of calculi, foreign body Detect the extent of destruction of the gland Detection of fistulae and strictures Diagnosis swelling and inflammation Demonstration of tumor Selection of biopsy site  Stones in saliva  glands there could be strictures which  that's anytime you've got one of these  ducts that are being clamped off by either  deposition of some kind of detritus in  the gland you know this is causing it to  get narrower or there could be a growth  near the gland that's cutting it off and  what would happen here is that somebody  would hav

 Contrast Media side effects The contrast media had some negative effect on one or more organs let us look at seven common organ systems where contrast media exhibits its toxic effects Vascular toxicity Soft tissue toxicity cardiovascular Toxicity hematological changes Nephrotoxicity Neurotoxicity Thyrotoxicosis Vascular toxicity is the toxic effect of contrast media on the blood vessels contrast media can negatively affect the two main types of blood vessels the veins and the arteries for the venous system many contrast agents are given intravenously through the veins and if you've ever received an injection you would agree that pain can be experienced at the site of injection another toxic effect that contrast has on the venous system is stasis because the flow of blood is slow in the venous system a stagnancy or stasis of the contrast media can occur in this, the contrast does not move through the vein it accumulates in one place which would cause pain that commonly occurs in th